Lincoln’s Legacy at 200
“I believe a time will come when an opportunity will be offered to abolish this lamentable evil. Everything we do is to improve it, if it happens in our day; if not, let us transmit to our descendants, together with our slaves, a pity for their unhappy lot and an abhorrence of slavery.” —Patrick Henry (1773)
February 12, 2009 marked the 200th anniversary of the birth of Abraham Lincoln.
Our national icons are often held in such esteem as to eclipse the fact they were fallible – as all men are. For this reason, it is important that we occasion to look with a critical eye upon these larger-than-life figures. Cultural myth, after all, can obscure historical truth.
For context on the Second American Revolution, the War Between the States, consider four quotes on the subject of revolution.
On the violent tensions that emerge when one part of a nation subordinates the welfare of another, Benjamin Franklin wrote: “The ordaining of laws in favor of one part of the nation, to the prejudice and oppression of another, is certainly the most erroneous and mistaken policy. An equal dispensation of protection, rights, privileges, and advantages, is what every part is entitled to, and ought to enjoy… These measures never fail to create great and violent jealousies and animosities between the people favored and the people oppressed; whence a total separation of affections, interests, political obligations, and all manner of connections, by which the whole state is weakened.” (Emblematical Representations, 1774)
In retrospect on the American Revolution, John Quincy Adams wrote, “But the indissoluble link of union between the people of the several States of this confederated nation is, after all, not in the RIGHT, but in the HEART. If the day should ever come (may Heaven avert it!) when the affections of the people of these States shall be alienated from each other, when the fraternal spirit shall give way to cold indifference, or collision of interests shall fester into hatred, the bonds of political association – will not long hold together parties no longer attracted by the magnetism of conciliated interests and kindly sympathies; and far better will it be for the people of the disunited States to part in friendship with each other than to be held together by constraint. Then will be the time for reverting to the precedents which occurred at the formation and adoption of the Constitution, to form again a more perfect Union, by dissolving that which could no longer bind, and to leave the separated parts to be reunited by the law of political gravitation to the center.” (40th anniversary of the ratification of our Constitution, New York Historical Society, 1839, just two decades before the commencement of hostilities between the states.)
Looking forward, Thomas Jefferson wrote, “If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it.” (First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1801)
Abraham Lincoln agreed: “Any people, anywhere, being inclined and having the power, have the right to rise up and shake off the existing government, and form a new one that suits them better. This is a most valuable and most sacred right - a right which we hope and believe is to liberate the world. Nor is this right confined to cases in which the whole people of an existing government may choose to exercise it. Any portion of such people that can, may revolutionize, and make their own, of so many of the territory as they inhabit.” (January 12, 1848, in a speech criticizing Polk’s handling of the Mexican War)
Three weeks before this anniversary, Barack Obama insisted on using Abraham Lincoln’s Bible as he took his inaugural presidential oath of office. Those who know our nation’s distinguished history understand why Obama then proceeded to choke on that oath.
Obama, the nation’s first president whose heritage is half-African-American, chose Lincoln’s Bible as a race-bait prop to appease a subservient constituency, playing off of Lincoln’s status as “The Great Emancipator” – though Obama himself is certainly not the descendant of slaves. His father was, in fact, an African national, which is why, in his case, the hyphenated “African-American” is appropriate. His ancestors may well have been slaveholders, though – because tens of millions of Africans have been enslaved by other Africans in centuries past. And, even though Chattel (house and field) and Pawnship (debt and ransom) slavery was legally abolished in most African nations by the 1930s, countless African men, women and children remain enslaved today, at least those who escape the slaughter of tribal genocide.
Shamefully, in our own country, it is Obama’s Democrat Party which has propagated disastrous statist social policies, which have, in turn, kept poor Americans enslaved on urban poverty plantations for generations. And they have subordinated black constituents using race hustling rhetoric condemned by Frederick Douglass, Booker Washington and Martin King.
The contrast between Obama and Ronald Reagan is akin to the contrast between Lincoln and George Washington. While Presidents Washington and Reagan were advocates of American Liberty and Rule of Law, Lincoln was and Obama is an advocate of rule of men, the irrevocable terminus of the latter being tyranny. Lincoln was not a defender of the “Unalienable Rights of Man,” and neither is Obama.
Not to be outdone by the Obama inaugural, Republican organizations are issuing accolades in honor of their party’s patriarch, along this template: “The (name of state) Republican Party salutes and honors Abraham Lincoln on the celebration of his 200th birthday. An extraordinary leader in extraordinary times, Abraham Lincoln’s greatness was rooted in his principled leadership and defense of the Constitution.”
Really?
If the Republican Party would spend more energy linking its birthright to our Constitution rather than Lincoln, it might again attain the overwhelming support it enjoyed under the leadership of President Reagan.
Though Lincoln has already been canonized by those who settle for partial histories, in the words of John Adams, “Facts are stubborn things; and whatever may be our wishes, our inclination, or the dictates of our passions, they cannot alter the state of facts and evidence.”
In our steadfast adherence to The Patriot Post’s motto, Veritas Vos Liberabit (“the truth shall set you free”), and our mission to advocate for the restoration of constitutional limits on government, I am compelled to challenge our 16th president’s iconic standing.
Lincoln is credited with being the greatest constitutional leader in history, having “preserved the Union,” but his popular persona does not reconcile with the historical record. The constitutional federalism envisioned by our Founders and outlined by our Constitution’s Bill of Rights was grossly violated by Abraham Lincoln. Arguably, he is responsible for the most grievous constitutional contravention in American history.
Needless to say, when one dares tread upon the record of such a divine figure as Lincoln, one risks all manner of ridicule, even hostility. That notwithstanding, we as Patriots should be willing to look at Lincoln’s whole record, even though it may not please our sentiments or comport with the common folklore of most history books. Of course, challenging Lincoln’s record is NOT tantamount to suggesting Lincoln himself was not in possession of admirable qualities. Nor does this challenge suggest that he believed slavery was anything but an evil, abominable practice. It merely suggests, contrary to popular belief, that Lincoln’s views on slavery did not motivate his support for the War Between the States.
It is fitting, then, in this week when the nation recognizes the anniversary of his birth, that we consider the real Lincoln – albeit at great peril to the sensibilities of some of our friends and colleagues.
Liberator of the oppressed…
The first of Lincoln’s two most oft-noted achievements was ending the abomination of slavery. There is little doubt that Lincoln abhorred slavery, but likewise little doubt that he held racist views toward blacks. While he is known to many today as the “Great Emancipator,” Abraham Lincoln’s views on how to resolve slavery, though abolitionist, were segregationist, and his own words affirm his strident racist views.
For example, in his fourth debate with Stephen Douglas, Lincoln argued: “I will say then that I am not, nor ever have been in favor of bringing about in any way the social and political equality of the white and black races – that I am not nor ever have been in favor of making voters or jurors of Negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office, nor to intermarry with white people; and I will say in addition to this that there is a physical difference between the white and black races which I believe will forever forbid the two races living together on terms of social and political equality. And inasmuch as they cannot so live, while they do remain together there must be the position of superior and inferior, and I as much as any other man am in favor of having the superior position assigned to the white race.”
Lincoln declared, “What I would most desire would be the separation of the white and black races…”
In 1860, Lincoln’s racial views were explicit in these words: “I think I would go for enslaving the black man, in preference to being enslaved myself. … They say that between the nier and the crocodile they go for the nier. The proportion, therefore, is, that as the crocodile to the nier so is the nier to the white man.”
Lincoln’s war objective was, first and foremost, to preserve the Union. As for slavery, Lincoln had long favored the “colonization” option. Debating Douglass he noted: “If all earthly power were given me, I should not know what to do, as to the existing institution. My first impulse would be to free all the slaves, and send them to Liberia, to their own native land. But a moment’s reflection would convince me, that whatever of high hope, (as I think there is) there may be in this, in the long run, its sudden execution is impossible. If they were all landed there in a day, they would all perish in the next ten days; and there are not surplus shipping and surplus money enough in the world to carry them there in many times ten days.”
But after considering the problems with exporting slaves to Africa, he considered an alternate destination: Central America. Lincoln noted: “It is nearer to us than Liberia – not much more than one-fourth as far as Liberia, and within seven days’ run by steamers. Unlike Liberia it is on a great line of travel – it is a highway. The country is a very excellent one for any people, and with great natural resources and advantages, and especially because of the similarity of climate with your native land – thus being suited to your physical condition.”
As for delivering slaves from bondage once the War Between the States began, it was two years after the commencement of hostilities that Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation – to protests from free white laborers in the North, who didn’t want emancipated slaves migrating north and competing for their jobs. He did so only as a means to an end, victory in the bloody War Between the States – “to do more to help the cause.” And “the cause,” preserving the union, would be lost if Lincoln could not both undermine the agricultural economy of the south, and find new conscripts for the ranks of Union forces.
On August 22, 1862, Lincoln wrote to Horace Greeley, the editor of the influential New York Tribune, who questioned the substance of Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation. According to Lincoln: “My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that. What I do about slavery, and the colored race, I do because I believe it helps to save the Union; and what I forbear, I forbear because I do not believe it would help to save the Union.”
Indeed, not a single slave was emancipated by the stroke of Lincoln’s pen. The Proclamation freed only “slaves within any State … the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States.” In other words, Lincoln declared slaves were “free” in Confederate states, where his proclamation had no power, but excluded slaves in states that were not in rebellion, or areas controlled by the Union army. Slaves in Kentucky, Missouri, Delaware and Maryland were left in bondage.
His own secretary of state, William Seward, lamented, “We show our sympathy with slavery by emancipating slaves where we cannot reach them and holding them in bondage where we can set them free.”
The great abolitionist Frederick Douglass was so angry with Lincoln for delaying the liberation of some slaves that he scarcely contacted him before 1863, noting that Lincoln was loyal only “to the welfare of the white race…” Though endorsed by Douglass as the least evil of the four men on the 1860 ballot, Lincoln planned no action on emancipation – even defending he right of slave ownership.
Lincoln and other antislavery politicians held the view that white and black Americans could not peacefully coexist, and he proposed the solution would be to send free black people to Liberia or Central America, a plan the outlined by the American Colonization Society. That plan had been supported by many presidents before Lincoln.
On August 14, 1862, Lincoln hosted a delegation of prominent black leaders at the White House to discuss – but excluded Douglass. Advancing his segregationist colonization views, Lincoln declared: “It is better for us both to be separated… You may believe you can live in Washington or elsewhere in the United States the remainder of your life… This is (I speak in no unkind sense) an extremely selfish view of the case.”
In response, Douglass published a strident condemnation of Lincoln: “In this address Mr. Lincoln assumes the language and arguments of an itinerant Colonization lecturer, showing all his inconsistencies, his pride of race and blood, his contempt for Negroes and his canting hypocrisy… though elected as an anti-slavery man by Republican and Abolition voters, Mr. Lincoln is quite a genuine representative of American prejudice and Negro hatred and far more concerned for the preservation of slavery, and the favor of the Border Slave States, than for any sentiment of magnanimity or principle of justice and humanity.”
Accordingly, Douglass supported Lincoln’s opponent, John C. Frémont, in the 1864 Presidential Election.
But Lincoln did succeed in bolstering Union forces. By war’s end, almost 1 in 10 Union troops were black, but almost 25 percent of combat troops were black. Not thought worthy of combat roles by Union commanders at the beginning of the conflict, blacks had defined their ability to fight after the all-black 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment’s assault on Fort Wagner in July of 1863.
However, Lincoln’s Proclamation succeeded in politicizing the issue and short-circuiting the moral solution to slavery, thus leaving the scourge of racial inequality to fester to this day – in every state of the Union.
Some historians argue that Southern states would likely have reunited with Northern states before the end of the 19th century had Lincoln allowed for a peaceful and constitutionally accorded secession. Slavery would have been supplanted by moral imperative and technological advances in cotton production. Furthermore, under this reunification model, the constitutional order of the republic would have remained largely intact. In fact, while the so-called “Civil War” (which by definition, the Union attack on the South was not) eradicated slavery, it also short-circuited the moral imperative regarding racism, leaving the nation with racial tensions that persist today. Ironically, there is now more evidence of ethnic tension in Boston than in Birmingham, in Los Angeles than in Atlanta, and in Chicago than in Charleston.
Notably, on the first Centennial Celebration of our nation’s founding, Frederick Douglass spoke at the unveiling of the Emancipation Memorial in Washington’s Lincoln Park. In his remarks he said Lincoln was “the white man’s president,” and again criticized Lincoln’s tardiness enacting the Emancipation Proclamation, noting that Lincoln did not support eliminating slavery until it was politically expedient to save the union. However he also noted, “Though Mr. Lincoln shared the prejudices of his white fellow-countrymen against the Negro, it is hardly necessary to say that in his heart of hearts he loathed and hated slavery…”
Douglass also said: “Though Mr. Lincoln shared the prejudices of his white fellow-countrymen against the Negro, it is hardly necessary to say that in his heart of hearts he loathed and hated slavery …”
Preserve the Union…
Of course, the second of Lincoln’s most famous achievements was the preservation of the Union.
Despite common folklore, northern aggression was not predicated upon freeing slaves, but, according to Lincoln, “preserving the Union.” In his First Inaugural Address Lincoln declared, “I hold that in contemplation of universal law and of the Constitution the Union of these States is perpetual. Perpetuity is implied, if not expressed, in the fundamental law of all national governments.”
“Implied, if not expressed”?
This is the first colossal example of errant constitutional interpretation, the advent of the so-called “Living Constitution.”
Lincoln also threatened the use of force to maintain the Union when he said, “In [preserving the Union] there needs to be no bloodshed or violence … unless it be forced upon the national authority.”
On the other hand, according to the Confederacy, the War Between the States had as its sole objective the preservation of the constitutional sovereignty of the several states.
Our Founding Fathers established the constitutional Union as a voluntary agreement among the several states, subordinate to the Declaration of Independence, which never mentions the nation as a singular entity, but instead repeatedly references the states as sovereign bodies, unanimously asserting their independence. Our Constitution’s author, James Madison, in an 1825 letter to our Declaration of Independence’s author, Thomas Jefferson, asserted, “On the distinctive principles of the Government … of the U. States, the best guides are to be found in … The Declaration of Independence, as the fundamental Act of Union of these States.”
The states, in ratifying the Constitution, established the federal government as their agent – not the other way around. At Virginia’s ratification convention, for example, the delegates affirmed “that the powers granted under the Constitution being derived from the People of the United States may be resumed by them whensoever the same shall be perverted to injury or oppression.” Were this not true, the federal government would not have been established as federal, but instead a national, unitary and unlimited authority. In large measure as a consequence of the War Between the States, the “federal” government has grown to become an all-but unitary and unlimited authority.
Our Founders upheld the individual sovereignty of the states, even though the wisdom of secessionist movements was a source of debate from the day the Constitution was ratified. Tellingly, Alexander Hamilton, the utmost proponent of centralization among the Founders, noted in Federalist No. 81 that waging war against the states “would be altogether forced and unwarrantable.” At the Constitutional Convention, Hamilton argued, “Can any reasonable man be well disposed toward a government which makes war and carnage the only means of supporting itself?”
Indeed, The Declaration states, “That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government…”
To that end, during the 1787 Constitutional Convention, James Madison rejected language that would permit the federal government to suppress secession and observed rightly: “A Union of the States containing such an ingredient seemed to provide for its own destruction. The use of force against a State would look more like a declaration of war than an infliction of punishment and would probably be considered by the party attacked as a dissolution of all previous compacts by which it might be bound.”
Prophetically, Madison also foresaw a time when slavery would divide the nation, observing: “The real difference of interests, lay not between large and small, but between the Northern and Southern states. The institution of slavery and its consequences formed a line of discrimination.”
To provide some context, three decades before the occupation of Fort Sumter, former secretary of war and then South Carolina Senator John C. Calhoun argued, “Stripped of all its covering, the naked question is, whether ours is a federal or consolidated government; a constitutional or absolute one; a government resting solidly on the basis of the sovereignty of the states, or on the unrestrained will of a majority; a form of government, as in all other unlimited ones, in which injustice, violence, and force must ultimately prevail.”
Two decades before the commencement of hostilities between the states, John Quincy Adams wrote, “If the day should ever come (may Heaven avert it!) when the affections of the people of these States shall be alienated from each other … far better will it be for the people of the disunited States to part in friendship with each other than to be held together by constraint. Then will be the time for reverting to the precedents which occurred at the formation and adoption of the Constitution, to form again a more perfect Union. … I hold that it is no perjury, that it is no high-treason, but the exercise of a sacred right to offer such a petition.”
But the causal case for states’ rights is most aptly demonstrated by the words and actions of Gen. Robert E. Lee, who opposed secession and detested slavery.
For the record, Lee, son of Revolutionary War officer Henry “Light Horse Harry” Lee, was not a slave owner. However, he was charged with managing the estate of his wife’s father in 1857. Mary Anna Lee’s father had decreed in his will, that his plantation slaves should be freed five years from the time of his death. Lee did not have the legal authority to free those slaves in 1857, and instead, prepared them for freedom. Im 1862, Lee freed all those slaves in accordance with Custis will, and part of his father-in-law’s former plantation is now Arlington National Cemetery.
Similarly, but rarely mentioned, Ulysses Grant, who would become Lincoln’s Union commander and later president, managed the 850-acre White Haven plantation of his wife’s father near St. Louis. Grant actually worked slaves and purchased slaves, whom he also later freed.
In evidence of Lee’s States’ Rights perspective, in 1861, commanding general of the Union Army, Winfield Scott, told Lincoln that he wanted Lee as a commanding general. Lee was a top graduate of the United States Military Academy who had proven himself as a warrior during the Mexican–American War, and as an officer for 32 years including his service as Superintendent of the USMA.
In April of 1861, Lee was offered command of the Army of the Potomac, but declined Lincoln’s request, writing that his first allegiance was to his home state of Virginia: “I look upon secession as anarchy. If I owned the four millions of slaves in the South I would sacrifice them all to the Union; but how can I draw my sword upon Virginia, my native state? … I have, therefore, resigned my commission in the army, and save in defense of my native state … I hope I may never be called on to draw my sword.”
He would, soon thereafter, take command of the Army of Northern Virginia, rallying his officers with these words: “Let each man resolve to be victorious, and that the right of self-government, liberty and peace shall find him a defender.”
There were other prominent factors accelerating secession, often lost in the populist assertion that slavery was the sole catalyst for the War Between the States (or the Second War for Independence as it was commonly called in the South). One is the great burden of oppressive tariffs on imports placed upon southern agrarian states to protect northern industry.
In his famous Gettysburg Address, Lincoln employed lofty rhetoric to conceal the truth of our nation’s most costly war – a war that resulted in the deaths of some 600,000 Americans and the severe disabling of more than 400,000 others. He claimed to be fighting so that “this nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.” In fact, Lincoln was ensuring just the opposite by waging an appallingly bloody war while ignoring calls for negotiated peace. It was the “rebels” who were intent on self-government, and it was Lincoln who rejected their right to that end, despite our Founders’ clear admonition to the contrary in the Declaration.
Moreover, had Lincoln’s actions been subjected to the terms of the Fourth Geneva Convention (the first being codified in 1864), he and his principal military commanders, with Gen. William T. Sherman heading the list, would have been tried for war crimes. This included waging “total war” against not just combatants, but the entire civilian population. It is estimated that Sherman’s march to the sea was responsible for the rape and murder of tens of thousands of civilian non-combatants.
But Lincoln’s hand signed off on more than total war against the Confederacy. In the same disgraceful way Andrew Jackson treated the Cherokee people, Lincoln was also waging war on indigenous peoples of the expanding west, and ordered the slaughter of anyone who defended their ancestral lands. In fact, the day after Christmas in 1862, Lincoln ordered the largest mass-hanging in history, stringing up 38 Dakota Indians in Mankato, Minnesota – a spectacle which attracted spectators from far and wide.
Further solidifying their wartime legacy of terror and oppression, Sherman, Gen. Philip Sheridan, and young Brigadier General George Armstrong Custer (who won accolades for blocking Gen. Lee’s retreat from Appomattox), spent the next ten years waging unprecedented racial genocide against the Plains Indians, enslaving them on reservations, and killing men, women and children who refused to be so enslaved.
Lincoln’s war may have preserved the Union geographically (at great cost to the Constitution), but politically and philosophically, the constitutional foundation for a voluntary union was shredded by sword, rifle and cannon.
“Reconstruction” followed the war, and with it an additional period of Southern probation, plunder and misery, leading Robert E. Lee to conclude, “If I had foreseen the use those people designed to make of their victory, there would have been no surrender at Appomattox Courthouse; no sir, not by me. Had I foreseen these results of subjugation, I would have preferred to die at Appomattox with my brave men, my sword in my right hand.”
Little reported and lightly regarded in our history books is the way Lincoln abused and discarded the individual rights of Northern citizens. Tens of thousands of citizens were imprisoned (most without trial) for political opposition, or “treason,” and their property confiscated. Habeas corpus and, in effect, the entire Bill of Rights was suspended. Newspapers were shut down and legislators detained so they could not offer any vote unfavorable to Lincoln’s conquest.
In fact, the Declaration of Independence details remarkably similar abuses by King George to those committed by Lincoln: the “Military [became] independent of and superior to the Civil power”; he imposed taxes without consent; citizens were deprived “in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury”; state legislatures were suspended in order to prevent more secessions; he “plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people … scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.”
The final analysis…
Chief among the spoils of victory is the privilege of writing the history.
Lincoln said, “Character is like a tree and reputation like a shadow. The shadow is what we think of it; the tree is the real thing.”
Lincoln’s enduring reputation is the result of his martyrdom. He was murdered on Good Friday and the metaphorical comparisons between Lincoln and Jesus were numerous.
Typical is this observation three days after his death by Parke Godwin, editor of the New York Evening Post: “No loss has been comparable to his. Never in human history has there been so universal, so spontaneous, so profound an expression of a nation’s bereavement. [He was] our supremest leader – our safest counselor – our wisest friend – our dear father.”
A more thorough and dispassionate reading of history, however, reveals a substantial expanse between his reputation and the reality of his actions. Even the most devoted Lincolnphile must objectively admit that Lincoln himself dealt the greatest injury and insult to our Constitution.
“America will never be destroyed from the outside,” Lincoln declared. “If we falter and lose our freedoms, it will be because we destroyed ourselves.”
Never were truer words spoken.
While the War Between the States concluded in 1865, the battle for states’ rights – the struggle to restore constitutional federalism – remains spirited, as indeed it should. It is a major front in the continuing battle to reestablish Rule of Law for our nation.
(Footnote: Today, more than 150 years after the conclusion of the War Between the States, the African slave trade is still thriving. While there were an estimated 13 million people enslaved between the 15th and 19th centuries, mostly by the British and French, today the Global Slavery Index estimates that more than 40 million people are subjugated by some form of modern chattel slavery, most often referred to now as “human trafficking.” And Africa is the epicenter of that enslavement. Of course, the nation taking the most action to end human trafficking worldwide is … the United States. Beyond African slave trafficking, the tribal genocide in Nigeria and other African nations today — the slaughter of tens of thousands of men, women, and children — rarely receives a media mention.)
(For perspective, Confederate Gen. Nathan Bedford Forest is said to be the founder of the KKK. Fortunately, hearts change. Read Forrest’s remarks on racial reconciliation.)
Visit the Patriot Historic Documents page for a comprehensive online resource for documents pertaining to American Liberty.
