Economist Walter E. Williams: “Racial preferences in college admissions give elementary schools, middle schools and high schools a free hand to continue their destructive educational policy. If colleges did not have special admissions practices for black students, there would be far fewer blacks in colleges, and the fraud would be more apparent to parents. They might begin to ask why so many blacks with high-school diplomas could not get into college. If the civil rights establishment and the progressives have their way, blacks will have to rely on special privileges in perpetuity.”